Using high-energy proton fluence to improve risk prediction for consequences of solar particle events

The potential for exposure to large solar particle events (SPEs) with high energy levels is a major concern during interplanetary transfer and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) on the lunar and Mars surface. Previously, we have used data from the last 5 solar cycles to estimate percentiles of dose to a typical blood-forming organ (BFO) for a hypothetical astronaut in a nominally shielded spacecraft during a 120-d lunar mission. As part of this process, we made use of complete energy spectra for 34 large historical SPEs to calculate what the BFO mGy-Eq dose would have been in the above lunar scenario for each SPE. From these calculated doses, we then developed a prediction model for BFO dose based solely on an assumed value of integrated fluence above 30 MeV (Φ₃₀) for an otherwise unspecified future SPE. In this study, we reasoned that since BFO dose is determined more by protons with higher energies than by those with lower energies, more accurate BFO dose prediction models could be developed using integrated fluence above 60 (Φ₆₀) and above 100 MeV (Φ₁₀₀) as predictors instead of Φ₃₀. However to calculate the unconditional probability of a BFO dose exceeding a pre-specified limit (“BFO dose risk”), one must also take into account the distribution of the predictor (Φ_30,Φ₆₀, or Φ₁₀₀), as estimated from historical SPEs. But Φ₆₀ and Φ₁₀₀ have more variability, and less available historical information on which to estimate their distributions over many SPE occurrences, than does Φ₃₀. Therefore, when estimating BFO dose risk there is a tradeoff between increased BFO dose prediction at a given energy threshold and decreased accuracy of models for describing the distribution of that threshold over future SPEs as the threshold increases. Even when taking the second of these two factors into account, we still arrived at the conclusion that overall prediction improves as the energy level threshold increases from 30 to 60 to 100 MeV. These results can be applied to the development of approaches to improve radiation protection of astronauts and the optimization of mission planning for future space missions.     

航天用SRAM型FPGA抗单粒子翻转设计

采用SRAM工艺的FPGA因其性能优异,在空间领域的应用受到重视;但是在空间环境中,SRAM型FPGA易受单粒子翻转的影响而导致逻辑故障或功能中断。文章提出对该类芯片的配置逻辑部分采用回读比较后刷新、对其BRAM部分采用通用自纠错宏的抗单粒子翻转（SEU）设计方案,在牺牲一定的器件性能的情况下,能达到较好的抗辐射效果。     

涡扇发动机排气系统中心锥气膜冷却结构的气动和红外辐射特性实验

以降低涡扇发动机排气系统红外辐射为目的,针对某型涡扇排气系统构建1/3缩比模型,采用实验的方法比较了中心锥有/无冷却的排气系统喷流温度场和红外辐射场,验证了中心锥冷却结构能够大幅度降低涡扇发动机排气系统尾向红外辐射强度.研究结果表明:中心锥表面在外涵气体冷却下温度降低,同时尾焰核心温度也降低.当涵道比为0.3时,在0°~10°范围内,气膜冷却中心锥体排气系统红外辐射降低24%~32%;在20°~90°范围内,红外辐射强度降低0.8%~2.1%.当涵道比增加到0.8时,0°方向的红外辐射强度降低60%;20°~90°范围内的红外辐射强度降低了33%~51%.      

红外检测在老龄飞机蒙皮搭接结构腐蚀检测中的应用分析

随着服役时间的增加,老龄飞机的腐蚀问题不断积累,严重影响了飞机的使用寿命和飞行安全。在对退役飞机进行检测时发现,在蒙皮搭接结构中经常发生腐蚀产生的蚀坑。这种蚀坑由于隐蔽性强,目视检查无法发现,使用常规的无损检测技术,检测效果不好。根据红外检测技术的原理,模拟检测环境,对蒙皮搭接结构进行有限元建模,分析了在表面划伤情况下的模型表面温度场变化,验证了红外检测技术对于老龄飞机蒙皮搭接结构腐蚀问题的可行性,为红外检测技术的应用提供了理论基础。     

引气结构对二元塞式喷管冷却和红外辐射特性的影响

为降低加力状态下二元塞锥表面温度和喷管红外辐射强度,对塞锥进行冷却结构设计。采用数值模拟的方法对比分析了引气结构、冷却通道高度和冷气入口总压比对塞锥冷却和喷管红外辐射特性的影响。结果表明：塞锥冷却后其表面温度和喷管红外辐射强度显著降低;引气腔内无冲击板时,引气角度的改变引起射流核心区位置的变化,造成塞锥头部和前缘展向温度分布差异明显,引气角度为90°时塞锥表面最高温度要比30°和60°的模型高50K;加装冲击板后,冷却通道内的流量分配和塞锥前缘的展向温度分布得到有效改善、塞锥头部的换热得以增强,但同时会引起较大的总压损失,因此相同入口总压比下,加装冲击板后冷却流量降低、塞锥外表面温度升高;随着冷却通道高度增大,冷气流量增加、流速降低,故存在一个最佳通道高度使得塞锥冷却效果最好;以塞锥无冷却为基准,入口总压比为1.0～1.8时,塞锥外表面最高温度降低了470～590K,0°探测角上红外辐射强度降低了25%～33%。     

嵌入式红外视频数字录像机的设计与实现

设计并实现了嵌入式红外视频数字录像机.它基于PC/104Plus体系结构,实现了PCI数据传输,在FPGA(Field-Programmable Gate Array)的控制下、使用2个存储单元轮换存储方式硬件化地实现了红外视频采集与数据传输、红外视频播放与数据传输的并行操作.该录像机人机界面友好,文件管理完善.      

基于SRAM型FPGA单粒子效应综合防护技术

为解决基于SRAM(Static Random Access Memory,静态随机存储器)型FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array,现场可编程门阵列)的扩频应答机在空间环境中时常发生功能故障的难题,提出了一种低轨卫星基于SRAM型FPGA的应答机的单粒子综合防护方案。该方案在代码级、器件级、单机级、整星级综合采用器件优选、结构屏蔽设计、巡检自愈、自主复位等多种方法,有效杜绝了单粒子事件带来的种种危害,已成功应用于某在轨卫星。在轨测试结果表明:遥测、遥控、跟踪测量等功能、性能指标满足任务要求,且未发生需要地面干预的问题或现象。该技术还可推广应用于其他采用低等级器件及其他类型FPGA、DSP(Digital Signal Processing,数字信号处理)等大规模集成电路的星载单机防护。     

Type II Solar Radio Bursts: Theory and Space Weather Implications

Recent data and theory for type II solar radio bursts are reviewed, focusing on a recent analytic quantitative theory for interplanetary type II bursts. The theory addresses electron reflection and acceleration at the type II shock, formation of electron beams in the foreshock, and generation of Langmuir waves and the type II radiation there. The theory's predictions as functions of the shock and plasma parameters are summarized and discussed in terms of space weather events. The theory is consistent with available data, has explanations for radio-loud/quiet coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and why type IIs are bursty, and can account for empirical correlations between type IIs, CMEs, and interplanetary disturbances. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

航空发动机排气喷管红外辐射特征数值研究

红外隐身技术对提高未来战机战场生存力具有重要意义,发动机排气系统是飞机后半球的主要红外辐射源。为了研究涡扇发动机排气喷管的红外辐射特性,采用与成熟商用CFD软件相结合的策略,基于离散传递方法,自主开发航空发动机排气系统红外辐射特征数值计算软件。提出一种射线行程追踪方法,用来提高软件计算效率和模拟精度;最后用该软件对某型涡扇发动机排气系统收缩喷管及两种采用不同红外抑制措施的喷管进行数值模拟研究。结果表明：相对于传统的收缩喷管,二元喷管能够在绝大部分探测方向上有效降低喷管的红外辐射,引射喷管可在大角度探测方向上起到显著的红外隐身效果。     

双S弯喷管流动特性及红外辐射特性分析

基于分区控制技术,发展了型面易控的双S弯喷管型面设计方法,用CFD数值模拟技术,对双S弯喷管的流动特性进行了数值模拟.采用信息通道界面(MPI)并行算法编写了基于离散传递法的红外辐射特性计算程序,对双S弯喷管红外辐射特性进行了计算,并与具有相同进出口面积的轴对称收缩喷管的红外辐射特性进行了对比.研究表明:双S弯喷管宽边探测面红外辐射强度低于窄边探测面红外辐射强度,最大幅度为80%;与轴对称收缩喷管相比,双S弯喷管红外辐射强度明显降低,尤其在宽边探测面的30°~40°探测方向上,比轴对称收缩喷管的红外辐射强度低大约30%.